斯托海德风景园-中英文对应

斯托海德风景园

摘要：斯托海德是英国风景式园林的杰出代表，位于威尔特郡，在索尔斯伯里平原的西南角。1717年，亨利·霍尔一世（1677~1725）买下这里的地产，于1724年建造了帕拉第奥式的府邸建筑。1793年扩建了两翼，而部分在1902年被烧毁后又重新恢复。在亨利一世期间并未建园，他的儿子亨利二世，又称大亨利（1705~1785）自1741年开始创建风景园，并倾注了他一生的精力。[1]

关键词：风景园；斯托海德；亨利·霍尔；风景式园林

斯托海德风景园是18世纪人们对弗吉尔和克劳迪安的世外桃源的渴望的完美实现。它被建在一个繁茂的山谷之中，沿环湖小径散步，可以看到一系列的如画景色：庙宇、雕塑、泉水、洞穴，所有这一切都牵动着你的视觉神经、文学修养甚至个人经历。这个经过了精心设计的风景园，不论站在哪个角度，都可以看到美丽的风景，包括阿波罗神庙、花神庙、先贤寺（从克劳德的画中得知），还有那座帕拉第奥式桥梁（图一）。[2]

图1

风景园是由亨利·霍尔二世在1741到1780年间按照18世纪英国古典园林风格设计的。他将流经园址的一条小河截流，在园内形成了一个大湖泊，它的创作灵感源于洛兰、普桑这些画家，特别是画了意大利风景园林理想景色的加斯帕。这与斯陀园的风格相似。

园内还包括大量可体现霍尔家族的教养和财富的庙宇。在山坡上远眺，低处的方尖碑和艾福瑞

塔，另一山坡上的阿波罗神庙、令人心动的杜鹃花、水景、瀑布和庙宇呈现在你的眼前。公园群还有着来自世界各地品种繁多的树木、灌木。

图2

西岸的最北面，设计有假山洞，现在的山洞已不似原设计那样对称。面对湖水的岩洞，既形成观赏湖上及对岸风光的景框，也便于洞内采光（图2）。洞中的水池上有卧着水妖的石床，流水形成的水帘由床上落入池中。洞中还有一河神像，其风格及姿态都反映了古希腊遗风。洞壁上刻着：“甜甜的水，岩石中洋溢着生命力的地方，是水妖的住处。”

山洞以南是哥特式村庄。当人们村庄向湖忘去，是一幅以洛兰的田园风光画为蓝本的立体的天然图画。湖对岸，几株古树形成景框，湖中有数座小岛，其中一座岛上有建于1754年缩小了的古罗马先贤寺，水中倒影清晰。在古代的园林中，先贤寺是常见的景物，如肯特在伯灵顿的奇斯威克园（Chiswick）中也建有一座，作为古罗马建筑中唯一保存下来的遗物，成为古罗马精神的象征。

由此往南，有座1860年架设的铁桥，东侧是开阔的水面，而西侧则是细细的小河，两边的景色迥然不同。过桥上堤，堤南水面稍小，比较幽静，对岸有瀑布及古老的水车；远处是缓坡草地、苍劲的孤植树、树丛及成群的牛羊，显出一派牧场风光。堤的东头有四孔石拱桥，向北是水面最狭长处，视线十分深远。透过石桥，愿望湖中岛屿，对岸的东侧有花神庙，西侧有哥特式村舍及假山洞，成为园中最佳的观景点。画面中以石桥为前景，湖中水禽、岛上树木为中景，远景是对岸的树木及

显示出丰富天际线的阿尔弗烈德塔、花神庙等建筑。

阿波罗神殿是另一处重要的景点。这里地势较高，三面树木环绕，前面留出一片斜坡草地，一直伸向湖岸，岸边草地平缓，上有成丛的树木。从神殿前可以眺望辽阔的水面景色；而从对岸看，阿波罗神殿又如耸立于树海之上，很有特色。（图3）由此往下，即可进入有地下通道的山洞，出来后经帕拉第奥式的石桥，由此可从另一角度欣赏西岸的先贤寺、哥特式村舍及岩洞，别有一番情趣。

图3

霍尔在经过重新改造的地形上遍植乡土树种山毛榉和冷杉，由树林和水景形成的巨大的林园代替了过去的完全是农田或牧场的乡村景色。以后又种了大量的黎巴嫩雪松、意大利丝杉、瑞典及英国的杜松、水松、落叶松等，形成以针叶树为主的壮丽景观。此后，随着引种驯化事业的发展，大亨利之孙理查得·科特·霍尔又引进了南洋松、红松、铁杉等新的树种，并为府邸建筑增添了两翼，不过，总的规划从未更改过。霍尔家族的最后一位园主人是理查德·科特之子亨利·胡奇男爵，他曾修复了被火烧毁的建筑物，并增种了大量石楠和杜鹃。色彩丰富的杜鹃使得五月的斯托海德更加千姿百态，绚丽多彩。

由于亨利·胡奇的独生子在第一次世界大战中死于战场，遂于1946年将斯托海德献给了“全国名胜古

迹托管协会”。此园现已成为对游人开放的著名风景园之一。

[3]

结论：进入18世纪，英国造园艺术开始追求自然，有意模仿克洛德和罗莎的风景画。到了18世

纪中叶，新的造园艺术成熟，叫做自然风致园,斯托海德风景园就是它们中的杰出代表。它没有笔直的林荫道、绿色雕刻、图案式植坛、平台和修筑得整整齐齐的池子，花园就是一片天然牧场的样子，以草地为主，生长着自然形态的老树，有曲折的小河和池塘，让人真的如置身克洛德和罗莎的风景画之中。

参考文献

1. 张路红.艺术——情感与自然的交融.安徽：安徽美术出版社.2005

2. 马文·柴契伯格.建筑学，从史前到后现代主义.美国新泽西州:普伦蒂斯霍尔出版社.2001

3. 朱建宁.情感的自然——英国传统园林艺术.昆明：云南大学出版社,1999

以下文献为以下文献为全文参考 1. H.M. Colvin, 英国建筑师传记辞典 2. C. Hussey, 英国乡村住房：中格鲁吉亚 3. Woodbridge·Kenneth，斯托海德风景园

Essay of Landscape Architecture Courses

Stourhead Gardens

Name:Xie Yefeng

Student Number:090324116

Class: Tourism Management 09-1

2010-01-07

Stourhead Gardens

Summary:Stourhead is a masterpiece of Britain's most picturesque gardens.It is located in the southwest of Salisbury plain in Wiltshire. In 1717,Henry Hoare I（1677~1725）bought the estate,and built a Paradise mansion house there.Then in 1793,its wings was expanded,while the central part was burnt out and recovered in 1902. The garden was not built during the period of Henry I until Henry II,also called “Henry the magnificent”(1705~1785).He began to create a landscape garden there in 1741, and devoted all the energy of his life to it. [1]

Key words:landscape garden;Stourhead;Henry Hoare;picturesque garden.

Stourhead was the perfect realization of the eighteenth-century yearning for a Vergilian and Claudian Arcady. The Stourhead park was created in a luxuriant valley, which Flitcroft made into a lake with a path around it that provided a sequence of Picturesque views and encounters with temples, statuary, springs and grotto, all involving layers of visual, literary, and even personal allusion. The architectural set-pieces, each in a Picturesque location, include a Temple of Apollo, a Temple of Flora, a Pantheon (from the Claude painting), and a Palladian bridge（P1）.[2]

Picture1

The gardens were designed by Henry Hoare II and laid out between 1741 and 1780 in a classical 18th-century design set around a large lake, achieved by damming a small stream. The inspiration behind

their creation were the painters Claude Lorrain, Poussin and, in particular, Gaspar Dughet, who painted Utopian-type views of Italian landscapes. It is similar in style to the landscape gardens at Stowe.

Included in the garden are a number of temples designed to show off the Hoare family's education and wealth. On one hill overlooking the gardens there stands an obelisk and King Alfred's Tower; on another hill the temple of Apollo provides a vantage point to survey the magnificent rhododendrons, water, cascades and temples. The gardens are home to a large collection of trees and shrubs from around the world.

Picture2

In the North in the west bank,there are man-made caves which are no longer as symmetrical as original design.The caves that face the lake not only form a view over the lake and the beautiful scene across the frame,but also facilitate the light to get inside them.(P2)In the caves,there are stone-beds where the Lady in the Water can lie on them,and the water curtain formed by the bed and fell into the pool.There’s also a statu of the river god in the caves,and its style and posture all reflect the ancient

Greece’s legacy.On the cave wall it engraved:“Sweet water there is,the place filled with vitality in the rocks is the residence of the Lady in the Water.”

South of the caves is the Gothic style cottage.In the cottage when you overlooking the lake,you’ll find there is a three-dimensional picture which is modeled the pastoral landscape paintings of Claude

Larraine.Across the lake,a few old trees form a view frame.There are several small islands in the center of the lake,and in one of them,narrowed ancient Roman Pantheon,which was built in 1754,located in it,and the reflection of it is very clear in the water.In the ancient gardens,a Pantheon is very ordinary.For

example,there is one in Kent’s Chiswick Park in Burlington,and it is the only preserved relic of the Roman buildings so that it becomes the symbol of ancient Rome.

Thus the south,there is an iron bridge erected in 1860 and in the east there is a open water

scenery,while the west flowing a slender stream.Views are very different on both sides.Cross the bridge and walk on the embankment ,you can see that the water surface in the south is small and relatively quiet,and on the other side there’s waterfalls and ancient water tankers;the further,there is gentle slope grassland,vigorous solitary tree,lucusy trees and flocks of sheep and cattle,showing the pastoral scenery.In the east of embankment,there is a four-hole breakwater stone arch bridge,and the water surface is the

narrowest in the north and the view there is very far-reaching.Through the stone bridge and overlooking the central islands ,you’ll find that the east of the other side is the Temple of Flora and the west is Gothic cottages and caves,and they altogether become the garden’s best scenic spots.In the scene,the stone bridge is the front shot,and the water birds in the lake and the trees in the islands are the middle,then the distant shot is the trees across the water surface and the Alfred Tower, Temple of Flora and other buildings that display a rich skyline.

Temple of Apollo is another major attraction.It’s high and trees surrounding on three side,also leaving a grassy slope in front of it.The slope stretches to the lake shore and it’s flat.Over the slope,there are

trees.And you can see the vast expanse of water from the Temple of Apollo;while from the other side it seems that the temple stands above the tree sea.It’s quit distinctive.(P3)Follow down,you can enter the

underground passage of the cave,and while walking out through the Palladian stone bridge,you can appreciate the west Bank,the Pantheon,the Gothic cottages and the caves from another angle.It’s really another kind of comfort. Hoare planted lots of native trees such as beeches and firs in the re-engineered area,so that the past

countryside garden which is completely constituted by the fields or the pastures was replaced by a huge forest landscape.Further more,he planted a number of Lebanese cedar, Italian silk cedar, Sweden and the United

Kingdom juniper,yew, larch etc.,forming a magnificent conifer dominated landscape.Since then, with the development of domestication,Richard Cort

Hoare,grandson of Henry the magnificent,also brought in

the South Pacific song,the red pine,the hemlock and many other new species, and added two wings to the construction sites,but the overall design has never been changed.The last owner in Hoare family of the

Gardens is the son of Richard Cort,Henry Huge,he had repaired the buildings which were destroyed by fire,and planted a large number of species of evergreen and rhododendron,which made Stourhead Gardens in Mays more varied and colorful.

As the only son of Henry Huge died in World War I, Stourhead Garden was dedicated to “National Trust”.Now,the garden is one of the most famous landscape garden.

Conclusion: Accessing into the 18th century, English gardeners began to pursue the art of nature,and imitated the landscape of Claude and Rosa purposely. By the mid-18th century,the new art of landscape was mature,and was called Picturesque Natural Landscape,then the Stourhead Garden is a outstanding representative of them.There is no straight avenues,no green sculpture,no pattern-type trees, no altar platforms and no formal shaped ponds,the only things it has are natural pasture,grass land,naturally grown old trees, twisted and turned rivers and ponds and so on.Everything in it is so natural and fabulous that it makes you really feel like being in Claude’s or Rosa’s paintings.

References：

1.Zhang Luhong,Art—Blends of Emotion and Nature.Anhui:Anhui Painting Publishing House.

2.Marvin Trachtenberg, Architecture, from Prehistory to Post-Modernism. America New Jersey：Prentice Hall

3.Zhu Jianning,Emotional Nature—British Traditional Landscape Architecture.Kunming,Yunnan University Publishing House.

Whole text references：

1. H.M. Colvin, A Biographical Dictionary of British Architects, 1600–1840 (1997) ISBN 0-300-07207-4 2. C. Hussey, English country houses: Mid Georgian, 1760–1800 (1956) pp. 234–8

3. Woodbridge, Kenneth, 1982, The Stourhead Landscape, reprinted by the National Trust 2001