全日制本科课程期末考试试卷B及参汇总

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一、Give Definition of the Following Botanical Terms (Ten Terms With 40 Points, 4 Points Each One)

1、Plurilocular sporangia 2、Clamp connections

3、Archegonia 4、Protonema

5、Sorus 6、Leptosporangium

7、Ovuliferous scales 8、Carpel

9、Embryo sac 10、Hypogynous flower

二、Essay Questions (60 points)

1、Describe the three types of sexual reproduction in algae, based on gamete form.

(10 points)

2、How is a sporophyte different from a gametophyte, and what is meant by the term “alternation of generations”? (10 points)

3、What are the principal components of the endomembrane system, and what role does each play in that system? (10 points)

4、How do simple tissues differ from complex tissues? Give example of each. (10 points)

5、Distinguish between the following: endodermal cells/passage cells; endodermis/ exodermis; protoxylem/metaxylem. Structurally, what are the principal differences between the primary structure of monocot roots and that of other angiosperm roots? (10 points)

6、What three basic types of organization are found in the primary structure of the stems of seed plants? What structural differences between the leaves of monocots and those of other angiosperms? (10 points)

参

一、Please give definition of the following botanical terms (Ten terms with 40 points, 4 points each one)

1.Plurilocular sporangia Plurilocular sporangia can be found on the sporophytes of some species of brown algae, which form diploid zoospores that produce new sporophytes.

2.Clamp connections In the Basidiomycota, a lateral connection between adjacent cells of a dikaryotic hypha; ensures that each cell of the hypha will contain two dissimilar nuclei.

3. Archegonia Multicellular structure in which a single egg is produced; found in the

bryophytes and some vascular plants.

4. Protonema The first stage in development of the gametophyte of mosses and certain

liverworts; protonema may be filamentous or platelike.

5. Sorus A group or cluster of sporangia or spores in ferns.

6. Leptosporangium A sporangium that arises from a single initial cell and whose wall is

composed of a single layer of cells.

7. Ovuliferous scales In certain conifers, the appendage or scalelike shoot to which the ovule

is attached.

8. Carpel One of the members of gynoecium, or inner floral whorl; each carpel encloses one or

more ovules. One or more carpels form a gynoecium.

9. Embryo sac The female gametophyte of angiosperms, generally an eight-nucleate,

seven-celled structure; the seven cells are the egg cell, two synergids and three antipodals (each

with a single nucleus), and the central cell (with two nuclei).

10. Hypogynous flower In terms of their points of insertion, the perianth and stamens are said

to be hypogynous-situated on the receptacle beneath the ovary and free from it and from the

calyx.

三、Essay Questions (60 points)

1. Describe the three types of sexual reproduction in algae, based on gamete form.

(10 points)

Based on the form of gametes which look alike or very different

Isogamy: both gametes look identical

Anisogamy: male and female gametes differ morphologically

Oogamy: One gamete is motile (male), one is nonmotile (female)

2. How is a sporophyte different from a gametophyte, and what is meant by the term “alternation of generations”? (10 points)

Sporophyte means the diploid stage of a plant exhibiting alternation of generations, the

diploid, spore producing phase of the plant life cycle.

Gametophyte means the haploid stage of a plant exhibiting alternation of generations,

generates gametes by the process of mitosis.

Alternation of generations:

A life cycle in which a multicellular diploid stage is followed by a haploid stage and so on;

found in land plants and many algae and fungi.

3. What are the principal components of the endomembrane system, and what role does each play in that system? (10 points)

Collective term for the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, trans-Golgi network, plasma membrane, nuclear envelope, tonoplast, and various vesicles.

Membranes are dynamic, mobile structures that are frequently transferred from one compartment of the cytoplasm to another. An excellent example of the mobility of cellular membranes is provided by the endomembrane system, the major components of which are endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, trans-Golgi network, plasma membrane, nuclear envelope, tonoplast, and various vesicles.

Also included in the endomembrane system are plasma membrane, the nuclear envelope, and all other internal membranes, with the exception of mitochondrial, plastid, and peroxisome membranes.

The membranes of the endomembrane system form a continuum, with ER being the initial source of membrane. Transition vesicles transport new membrane material from the ER to the Golgi bodies, and secretory vesicles derived from the trans-Golgi network contribute to the plasma membrane. The trans-Golgi network also supplies vesicles that fuse with the tonoplast and thus contribute to the formation of the vacuole. The ER, Golgi complex, and trans-Golgi network are therefore a functional unit in which the Golgi bodies serve as the main vehicles for the transformation of endoplasmic-reticulum-like membranes into plasma-membrane-like and tonoplast-like membranes.

4. How do simple tissues differ from complex tissues? Give example of each. (10 points)

Tissue system: A tissue or group of tissues organized into a structural and functional

unit in a plant or plant organ. There are three tissue systems: dermal, vascular, and

ground or fundamental.

A simple tissue is a tissue composed of only one type of cell, whereas a complex tissue is composed of two or more cell types. Examples of simple tissues are parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma. Examples of complex tissues are xylem, phloem, and epidermis.

5. Distinguish between the following: endodermal cells/passage cells; endodermis/ exodermis; protoxylem/metaxylem. Structurally, what are the principal differences between the primary structure of monocot roots and that of other angiosperm roots? (10 points)

endodermal cells/passage cells:

A single layer of cells forming a sheath around the vascular region in roots and some stems; The endodermal cells are characterized by a Casparian strip within radial and transverse walls. In roots and stems of seed plants, the endodermis is the innermost layer of the cortex.

Passage cell: Endodermal cell of root that retains a thin wall and Casparian strip when other associated endodermal cells develop thick secondary walls.

endodermis/ exodermis:

In roots and stems of seed plants, the endodermis is the innermost layer of the cortex.

Exodermis means the outer layer, one or more cells in depth, of the cortex in some roots; these cells are characterized by Casparian strips within the radial and transverse walls. Following development of Casparian strips, a suberin lamella is deposited on all walls of the exodermis.

protoxylem/metaxylem:

Protoxylem means the first part of the primary xylem, which matures during elongation of the plant part in which it is found; Metaxylem means the part of the primary xylem that differentiates after the protoxylem, the metaxylem reaches maturity after the portion of the plant part in which it is located has finished elongating.

Structurally, what are the principal differences between the primary structure of monocot roots and that of other angiosperm roots?

The main difference is in the vascular cylinder or stele. In a monocot the phloem and xylem are in loose rings. With the phloem towards the outside and the xylem towards the inside, while in a dicot the primary xylem form a solid core.

6. What three basic types of organization are found in the primary structure of the stems of seed plants? What structural differences exist between the leaves of monocots and those of other angiosperms? (10 points)

The three basic types of organization in primary structure of stems as seen in transverse section. (a) The vascular system appears as a continuous hollow cylinder around the pith. (b) Discrete vascular bundles form a single ring around the pith. (c) The vascular bundles appear scattered throughout the ground tissue.